532
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 67.
as liquidated damages. The case at bar is not withIn t'he authorities cited on the brief of plaintiffs in error, which hold that, where the sum named in the bond is a fixed penalty imposed by law as a punishment for a breach of duty enjoined by law, the court will not undertake to alter or reduce the penalty which the legislature has fixed for the nonperformance of a statutory duty. Congress has not fixed the penalty. It has only provided that the collector shall require a bond for the production of a duly-certified invoice, and the bond required in this case manifestly contemplated that the sureties. should respond only for the damages to the government from the fact that its officers undertook, at the importers' request, and under the authority conferred by the abovequoted section of the act, to assess the duty without waiting till a duly-certified invoice should be laid before them. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
In re GLAENZER. (Circuit Court, S. D. New York. April 25, 1894.) No. 599. 1. CUSTOMS DUTIES-CLASSIFICATION-FREE LIST- CABINETS AND COLLECTIONS OF ANTIQUITIES.
The "collections of antiquities" which are made free of duty by para· graph 524 of the act of October 1, 1890, Include only collections of such antique articles as are commonly recognized to be suitable 'tor "cabinet collections" according to the taste and usage of collectors of antiquarian and artistic curiosities,-that Is, suitable to be assembled together In boxes, drawers, or like receptacles, or In any small apartment where articles of vertu, coins, and other brie-a-brae are usually deposited for exhibition, study, the gratification of personal taste, or other Uke purpose.
S.
SAME-ANTIQUE TAPESTRIES.
Antique tapestries produced prior to the year 1700, Imported by dealers In antiquities, to be placed among Uke articles owned and kept by them In their trade, or for sale, held to be dutiable at 44 cents per pound and 50 per cent. ad valorem, under paragraph 892 (woolen schedule) of the act of October 1, 1890, and not entitled to free entry under paragraph 524, as a collection of antlquitles. An antique Oriental rug, owned by a third person, but Imported by a dealer in antiquities, together wIth certain antique tapestries owned by himself', held to be f'ree of' duty, under paragraph 524 of the act of 1890. In re Glaenzer, 5 C. C. A. 225, 55 Fed. 642, followed.
8.
SAME-ORIENTAL RUGS.
4.
SAME-PAINTINGS.
A painting on canvas, nine by three feet In dimensions, representing a mythological subject, and produced prior to the year 1700, which was Imported, together with certain antique tapestries, by a dealer In antiquities, held to be dutiable at 15 per cent., under paragraph 465 of the act of' 1890, as a painting, and not to be entitled to free entry, under 524, as part of' a collection of antiquities.
This was an application by George A. Glaenzer, the importer of certain tapestries and paintings, for a review of the decision of the board of general appraisers sustaining the decision of the collector of the port of New York as to the rate of duty on said merchandise. Upon the tapestries the collector imposed a duty of 44 cents per
IN RE GLAENZER.
633
pound and 50 per cent. ad valorem, under paragraph 392 ot the tariff act of October 1, 1890. Upon the paintings he imposed a duty of 15 per cent ad valorem, under paragraph 465 of said act. His action, in respect to both classes of articles, was sustained by the board of appraisers. The opinion of the board of general appraisers was as follows: We find the following conclusions of fact in these cases: (1) The artlclell "covered by the protest in case No. 10,909a were imported December 1, 1890, and consist of two pieces of antique tapestry, worth respectively 1,500 and 500 francs, and so invoiced, and composed of the material 01' worsted. (2) The articles embraced in case No. 10,985 consist 01' (1) one piece 01' tapestry, of Flemish production, a manufacture of wool and silk, the latter chief value, costing about 450 francs; and (2) one painting, on canvas, about nine by three feet in dimensions, representing some mythological subject, and costing 500 trancs, both imported October 13, 1890, on the same vessel. (3) All of these articles we find were produced at a period prior to the year 1700. (4) They were imported by Messrs. Glaenzer & Co., who are decorators and dealers in antique articles, to be placed among like articles owned and kept by them in their trade, or. for sale. We further find from these premises, and 1'rom the evidence in the case, that the articles are not collections of antiquities, suitable for souvenirs or cabinet collections within the meaning of paragraph 524 of the new tariff act and consequently are not free of duty. This paragraph reads as follows: "Cabinets of old coins and medals, and other collections of antiqUities, but the term 'antiquities' as used in this act shall include only such articles as are suitable for souvenirs or cabinet collections, and which shall have been produced at any period prior to the year seventeen hundred." The corresponding paragraph (669) in the act of 1883 reads: "Cabinets of coins, medals, and all other collections of antiquities." The present law has amended this paragraph by expunging the word "all," inserting the word "old" before "coins and medals," and by defining the word "antiqUities," so as to make it embrace "only such articles as are suitable for souvenirs or cabinet collections" and antedate the year 1700. In addition to this requirement as to SUitability thete must be a "collection" or assemblage 01' such articles, so as to "make them attractive, or useful, or valuable, or otherwise desirable." Baumgarten v. Magone, 41 Fed. 770. A "souvenir" is a keepsake, or remembrance. A "cabinet" is defined by Worcester to be "a set of boxes or drawers for curiosities"; "any place in which things 01' valne are hidden"; "a closet; a small room." The word is used, we think, in either of these significations, as Indicated by the context of the paragraph in which it appears. The amendment effects quite a change in the meaning of the law as it formerly stood. Cabinets of old coins and medals are made free by name. Other collections of antique articles, that is of those produced prior to the year 1700, are also exempt from duty, if of a kind such as are commonly recognized as suitable to be presented by one person to another as a keepsake, or in token of remembranctl, and intended to be kept for the sake of the giver. So the law makes free of duty such "collections" of articles as are commonly recognized to be suitable for "cabinet collections" according to the tastes and usage of collectors of antiquarian or artistic curiosities, that is, suitable to be assembled together in boxes, drawers, or like receptacles, or in any small apartment where articles of vertu, coins, and other bric-a-brac are usually deposited for exhI· bition, study, the gratification of personal taste or other like purpose. We adopt this construction of the new tariff law, for the reason that it seems to be demanded by the application of established canons of statutory con· struction. The word "cabinet" is twice used in the paragraph (524) under consideration. When the legislature uses the same word twice In the same law, and especially in one section or paragraph, the presumption is that they intend to use it in the same sense in each Instance, unless there be something in the context to repel this inference. 'The law. In effect, exempts from duty "cabinets of .·old coins and medals" and other "cabinet . eollections" of the kind described. This means, we think, other cabinet col·
534
lections of a kindred kind to cabinets "of old coins and me<1als" under the principle of ejusdem generis, which restricts a general word following particular words in a statute to the same genus as those words. This view is corroborate<1 by the manifest meaning of the word "cabinet" as it is found in paragraph 712 of the free list, which reads as follows: "Specimens of natural hIstory, botany and mineralogy, when imported for cabinets, or as objects of science, and not for sale." This construction moreover was given to paragraph 669 of the act of 1883, In U. S. v. Sixtyl1:ive 'l'erra Cotta Vases (Clr. Ct. South. Dist. N. Y.) 18 Fed. 508. In the Case of Robert Garrett, involving an antique all painting, G. A. 185, and affirmed on appeal to the United States circuit court of Maryland, this board, following other authorities, rejected this rule of construction as applicable to the old law. ' But, in our opinion, the amendment to the law indicates a legislative Intention to curtail the vast flood of Importations which have been made under the designation of antiquities during the past decade, embracing, as they did, valuable pictures, tapestries, furniture and other articles, each often being worth many thousands of dollars, and used for furnishing the houses of those most able to pay a just revenue on them. Applying these principles, we are of the opinIon that the articles In question are Dot free from duty as claimed, but are subject to the duty imposed by the collector. His decision in each case Is accordingly affirmed. In the foregoing cases the Importers had due notice of the hearing, and, appeared in person before the hoard. Henderson M. Somerville, [Signed) [Signed) George C. Tichenor, [Signed) Wilbur F. Lunt, Board of United States General Appraisers.
Stephen G. Clarke, for importer. Thomas Greenwood, Asst. Dist. Atty., for collector.
con, District Judge (orally). The decision of the board of gen· eral appraisers is affirmed as to each of these importations, except the antique Oriental rug owned by and imported for Mr. George F. Baker, by the "La Champagne," December 30, 1890. As to this importation the decision of the board is reversed in accordance with the decision, of the United States circuit court of appeals in Re· Glaenzer, 5 C. O. A. 225, 55 Fed. 642. GENESEE SALT CO. v. BURNAP et aI. (Circuit Court, N. D. Ohio, W. D. April 11, 1895.) TRADE-MARRS-WHAT WILL BE PROTECTED-GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,
A manufacturer of salt in the Genesee Valley cannot be prevented from using the word "Genesee" in connection therewith; but he may be enjoined from using It in any color, style, or torm at letters, or in comblna. tion with other words, so as to imitate a combination previously used by' another.
& Burnap for an injunction.
In Equity.
Bill by the Genesee Salt Company against Burnap
George H. Beckwith, for plaintiff. John F. Kumler, for defendants. RICKS, District Judge. Two forms of decree are presented, and the' court is called upon to decide which would be in accordance with the opinion filed March 19, 1895. In that opinion the court held that plaintiff was entitled to an injunction "on the theory that defendants· were' trying to imitate the iuscriprton upon their product,-palm. it ofl