UNITED STATES V. TRUMBULL.
755
to protect Mr. Beach, and not himself; and that, when he was so particular to protect Mr. Beach, it must have been from the knowledge that bis answers might criminate him;" that this was a question of inference and argument; and that the inference to be drawn from it, and how important it was in determining the main issue in the case, was for the jury to decide. The refusal of the witness to answer the questions, ifhe thought his answers would criminate himself, was his constitutional right, which the defendant could not control, and no inference should have been permitted to be drawn against the defendant because of the assertion by the witness of this right to protect himself. Marks was called by the government. If he had testified, his testimony might have been in favor of the defendant, though criminating himself. It might have entirely exonerated the defendant. To infer that the very opposite would have been or might have been the effect of his testimony, had it been given, was unwarranted. The intimation even that any such inference wasjustifiable, as plainly is to be drawn from the charge of the court, and its permission to allow the district attorney to argue to that effect to the jury, was calculated to work injustice to the defendant, and to lead the jury to yield to suggestions and suppositions rather than to the actual evidence in the case. It would, indeed, be strange doctrine that anyone could be found guilty, or even that his guilt could be seriously dcbated, because another party, caned as a witness, who had no relations and was not a conspirator with him, or charged in the same indictment, had refused to testify in order to protect himself. There is neither reason nor authority for any such doctrine. For these errors the judgment must be reverbed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
UNI'l'ED STATES V. TRUMBUI,L.
(District Court, D. Washington, N. D. June 15,1891.,; CnINESIl-UNLAWl'UL
An indictment under Act Congo May 6, 1882, (22 St. p. 61,) making it unlawful for any person "to aid or abet the landing In the United States from any vessel of any Chinese person not lawfully entitled to enter the United States," must state facts sufficient to show that the Chinese person was one prohibited from landing. and that he was brought on the same vessel from which he landed on a voyage which terminated at the time of the landing. It is demurrable If It merely shows that he was a Chinese laborer, and alleges that he was not laWfully entitled to enter the United States, and that he landed from a certain vessel.
AND ABETTING-Il\DICTMENT.
At Law. Defendant was indicted for knowingly aiding and abetting the landin<T in the United States of Chinese persons, not lawfully entitled to ente; the United States. Some of the counts charged that defendant did "knowingly aid and abet the landing in the United States frOID the vessel City of Kingston of a certain Chinese person not lawfully entItled to enter the United States, to-wit, one * * *." Others charged that
756
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 46..
he knowingly aided and abetted the landing of a certain named Chinese person by lalsely representing such person to be a merchant residing in the United States, knowing him to be a laborer. None of the counts set forth facts to show that the Chinese person alleged to have been aided in landing was not entitled to land, except by charging that he was "not lawfully mtitled to enter the United States." Defendant demurred to the different counts of the indictment, on the ground that none of them stated facts sufficient to constitute offenses or an offense against the laws of the United States. P. C. Sullivan, for the United Stales. A. R. Coleman, for defendant. HANFORD, J. This indictment is found en upon the acts of congress by which the coming into the country of Chinese laborers was intended to be restricted and prohibited, and particularly the eleventh section of the act of May 6, 1882, (22 St. U. S. p. 61,) which reads as follows: "Sec. 11. That any person who shall knowingly bring into, or cause to be brought into, the United States by land. or who shall knowingly aiLl or abet the Sllme, 01' aitl or abet the landing in the United States from any vessel of, any Chinese person not laWfully entitled to enter the United States, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisoned fOl' a term not exceeding one year." Manifestly the intention of the grand jury was to charge the defendant by this indictment with the commission of criminal offenses committed by aiding and abetting the landing in the United States of Chinese persons who had been unlawfully brought into the country by vessels, but the pleading is fatally defective, because it does not allege that the Chinese persons named were brought into the United States in the vessels named, or that they ever were unlawfully brought into the United States. It only goes to the extent of dl':scribing the Chinese as persons not lawfully entitled to enter the United States,-that is, if they were now out of the United State3 they would not be lawfully entitled to enter; and it may be assumed that, if they were not in the country prior to the enactment of the exclusion acts, they must have entered unlawfully. But the allegrrtions of this indictment do not allege facts sufficient to show the court, after indulglng in all permissible presumptions, that their entry was unlawful. All that is alleged is not inconsistent with a state of facts which would render the landing of the persons named, at the time and place mentioned, from the vessel named, lawful and proper; for example, if they were Chinese laborers, who were in the country prior to :May 6, 1882, and who had remained within it continuously from that time, and who landed from the vessel mentioned at the time stated, aller making a passage in her from some other point within the United States to the place of landing, without having during the journey been outside of the United States. In such a case, there could be no violation of law by aiding and abetting such landing. The law must be so interpreted, by reference to all its part'l, as to give effect to the manifest intention of
MANUF'G CO. V. PORTER.
757
congress in enacting it. I think the intention is quite clear to make the aiding and abetting of the landing of Chinese persons criminal only in those cases in which the bringing of such persons in the same vessel and on the voyage terminating at the time of the landing; and it is therefore necessary in a good indictment to allege facts sufficient to make it appear that the landing was itself unlawful by reason of being an unlawful entry into the country of persons prohibited from coming. In prosecutions for offenses against the laws of the United States, an indictment in which the charging part follows the language of the statute upon which it is founded is not sufficient, unless words indicate the acts constituting the offense. Every defendant in a criminal case has a constitutional right to be informed by the indictment of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and the cause must be stated with such particularity as to indicate clearly the facts to be proven on the trial. Article 6, Amend. Const. U. S.; U. S. v. Cruikshank, 92 U. S. ,i'i42. This indictment does not state the facts with enough of the details to show how the defendant aided or abetted the landing of any Chinese person, and therefore does not either show how he has violated the law, or that there has been any violation. The demurrer interposed will therefore be sustained; but I will hold the defendant until the matter can be passed upon by another grand jury, and will order the case to be submitted to the next grand jury to be convened at this place.
HAT-SWEAT MANUF'G
Co. v.
PORTER
MeGALL et al. SA"m SAME v. ELLOR et al.
v.
BERG
et al. SAME v. Al:STIN ct al. SAME et al. SAME v. MCCHESNEY et al.
(Circuit Court, D. New Jersey. June 20, 1891.) 1. SUIT FOR AccomifTIlw-JURISDICTIONAL AMOUNT.
In a suit against manufacturers to recover royalties for use of a patent, and for an accounting, an objection on demurrer that the amount involved is insufficient to give the circuit court jurisdiction is without merit if the hill on its face shows that the amount is sufficient. Until a decree for an accounting is made, proof of the amount recoverahle would be premature. PATENTS FOR INVENTION-LICENSE-FRAUDULENT
2.
The owner of a patent on hat-sweats, having sued for infringement, to compromise, granted defendants a license to use the patent in their manufactures, in consideration of a certain royalty, and agreed to give them a rebate of 50 per cent., and not to grant a license to any other manufacturer except for the same royalty without rebate. The terms of the licenses were kept secret from other ers, and the owner of the patent issued to them a circular stating that tlle Jiceu"es had been granted to the other manufacturers for the specified royalty, but saying nothing as to the rebate, and through his agents the other manufacturers were induced to accept licenses under the terms specified in the circular. that the owner's fraudulent representations preclude his recovery of the royalties.
In Equity. John R. Bennett, for complainants. Wetmore &; Jenner, for defendants.