CUTTING
V.
FLORIDA RY.
&
NAV. CO.
641
CUTTING V. FLORIDA Ry. & NAV. CO. et al., (HARRIS et al., Intervenors.) MEYER v. SAME. BROWN V. SAME. CENTRAL TRUST Co. OF NEW YORK V. SAME. GUARANTY TRUST & SAFE-DEPosr.r CO. v. SAME. (Circuit Court. N. D. Florida.
June 26.1891.)
INTERSTATE COl\lMERCE-STATE RAILWAY COMMISSION.
Orange growers in Florida shipped their fruit from one point in that state to another point in the same state, consigned to their agent at the latter point, for reshipment, who immediately forwarded them to their destination in another state. HeW, that the shipment from the growers to the forwarding agent was interstate commerce, not subject to the control of the Florida Railway Commission. Following The Daniel Ball. 10 Wall. 557.
In Equity. H. Bisbee, for intervenors. John A. Henderson. for receiver. PARDEE, J. The several petitions of intervention are alike in their allegations, and severally claim that the petitioners shipped over the Florida Railway & Navigation Company's railroad, then in the possession of the court, H. Reiman Du val, Esq., recei ver, from Citra, Marion county, Fla., to Callahan, or Baldwin, Fla., and from Wildwood, Sumter county, Fla., to Baldwin, or Callahan, Fla., between the 1st day of November, 1888, to the 1st day of February, 1890, sundry boxes of oranges, consigned to sundry persons, for the carriage and transportation of which the said receiver demanded and collected 25 cents per box, against the protests of petitioners; that the railroad commissions, existing and exercising authority under the laws of the state of Florida, previous to the shipment of any of said boxes of oranges, had duly fixed the freight charges for carriage and transportation of the said fruit as 15 cents per box between the points aforesaid, and had duly issued freight rates, and notified the said receiver thereof; that they loaded the said fruit upon the cars furnished by said receiver, and that he was subjected to no expense or trouble in loading and handling said fruit, and that the whole service performed by said receiver was in the hauling of said fruit from the place of shipment to the point of consignment; that the 10 cents per box in excess of commission rates charged and exacted by the said receiver for the carriage and transportation of said fruit was unjust and illegal; and they pray that the court will decree that the receiver shill pay the said petitioners the sum of 10 cents per box, so alleged to have been illegally exacted from them for the carriage and transportation of said fruit. Said petitions are indorsed, "Filed by leave of the court," though the record does not show that any order for filing or for process or reference was made thereon. No answers appear to have been filed to the said interventions, but the same appear to have gone to the special master without being in anywise put at issue. The master heard the several petitions together, took a large amount of evidence, oral and documentary, and returned the same to the court without specifically findv,46F.no.1l-41
FEDE:BALREPORTER,
voL 46.
ing any facts in the case, or making any recommendation as to disposition oUhe cases. Thereupon the petitions have been submitted to the court for determination uponwritt<:lll briefs, as though distinct issues weremade on each and every"allegation of the several interventions. As a matter of coursE', in considering these interventions, the court will take judicial notice of all facts appearing of record in the main suit, particularly with regard to the lines and extent of the Florida Railway & Navigation Company's railroad, and of the financial C0ndition and general managerne:pt of the property. Baldwin is the station where the Fernandina & Cedar Keys line and the Jacksonville & Chattahoochie line cross; hoth lines belonging to the Florida Railway & Navigation Company. Callahan is a station on the & Cedar Keys line, in the extreme north-east corner of the state of Florida, near the Georgia line is crossed by the state line, where the Florida Railway & Savannah, Florida & Western Railway. Neither Baldwin nor Callahan is a town or place of any importance, except from the railroad connection; neither is a market place for oranges, nor a distributing point for such fruit. Citrais a station on the Florida Railway & Navigation Railroad, southern division, in an orange growing and producing country, and is a competitive railway point; the Florida Southern Railway reaching the place via Gainesville. In the year 1888 the Florida Railway Commissio11 established rates on fruit, oranges, and lemons, carried by the Florida Railway & Navigation Railroad from points within the state to points within the sta,te, fixing extrenwly low rates in comparison with the rates'previously charged. From Citra to Baldwin arid Callahan, as points within the state, the rate was fixed at 12 cents pet· box, 20 per cent. added, making about 15 cents per box. Prior to this, the standard railroad r!j.te between the points in question had been 25 cents per box, with a rebate to Citra shippers of5 cents per box. At the beginning of the season of 1888, the receiver of the Florida Railway & Navigation Company adopted, under protest, the commission rates, and charged and collected accordingly with regard to shipments over the Florida Hailway & Navigation line within the stat-e. At this time a yellow-fever epidemic prevailed in Florida, and railroad business was com pletely prostrated, trains being run only for the public interest. Under tlw8e circumstances, and finding that the commission rates on oranges were unremunerative to the property, and not sufficient for the. service rendered, the receiver of the Florida Railway & Navigation Company ordered the old rate of 25 cents per box to be restored, and therealter on all ::;hipments it was charged. The intervenors are large gro,vers and shippers of oranges from points mainly aboutCltra, in Florida, to northern and western cities, who, during the season of 1888, under arrangements previously made, sbipped large quantities of oranges, shipments in all cases being made to ultimate consignees at points in other states than Florida. Up to December 1st shipments appear to have been regularly made on through bills of lading at the joint rate established by the several lines respectively carrying the goods. After December 1, 1888, in pursuance of an arrangement aniong orange growers to that end, and with a view
OUTTING'V.FLOItIDA RY. & NAV ·. OO.
648
to characterize the as local commerce within the state, so as to claim for such shipments the rates given by the railway commission of the state of Florida, intervenors' consignments were made. to an agent at Callahan, although the ultimate destination of the fruit was not changed, nor was the manner. of transacting the business substantially changed from what it had been before 1st. As before, the receiver furnished the cars to carry the fruit to its ultimate destination. At Callahan the goods were not unloaded, bulk was not broken, nor the cars delayed to any extent. As in the case of through shipments generally, the loaded cars were at once transferred to other carriers, to be forwarded to their destination; in other words, the character of the shipment was, not changed, but after December 1st, as before, the fruit, when loadeq on the cars at Citra, was started for and destined to markets in other states, and then and there at Citra began what was in fact one continuouH journey to an ultimate destination without the state of Florida. The difference in the transaction of the business was solely in calling for a local bill of lading instead oia through bill, the interposition of a forwarding agent, and in preparing the charges demanded under protest. From the evidence submitted, considering all the circumstances attendant upon the carriage of the intervenors' goods, putting aside all considerations arising from the fact that the Florida Railway Commission had established much lower rates between the points in question, the charges actually made by the receiver for the carrying of the goods of the intervenors do not appear to have been unreasonable, nor in any sense illegal or unjust. Section 7 of the interstate commerce act provides"That it shall be unlawful for any common carrier, subject to the provisions of this act, to enter into any comlJination, contract, or agreement. express or implied, to prevent, by change of time schedule, carriage in different cars, or by other means or devices, the carriage of freights from being continuous and no break of bulk. stopfrom place of shipment to place of pag-e, or interruption made by such common carrier shall prevent the carriag-e of' freight from being, and being as, oue continuous carriHge from place of shipment to place of destination, unless such break, stoppage, or interruption was made in good faith, for some necessary purpose. and without any Intent to avoid or unnecessarily interrupt such continuous carriage, or to evade any of the provisions of this act." "In this case it is admitted that the steamer was engaged in shipping and transporting down Grand river goods destined and marked for other states than Michigan, and in receiving and transporting up the river goods brought in the state, and without its limits; but in so much as her agency in transportation was entirely within the limits of the state, and she did not run in connection with, or in continuation of, any lines of vessels or rail ways leading to other states, it is contended that she was engaged entirely in domestic commerce. But this conclusion does not follow. So far as she was employed in transporting goods destined for other states, or goods brought from without the limits of Michigan, and destined to places within that state, she was engaged in commerce between the staLes; and, however limited that commerce may have been, she was, so far as it went, subject to the legislation of congress. She was employed as an
644'
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 46.
instrumEmt of that commerce; for, whenever a commodity has begun to move as an article of trad'e from one state to another, commerce in that commodity between the states has commenced.' The fact that several different and independent agencies are employed in transporting the commodity, some acting entirely in one state and some acting through two or more states, does in no respect affect the character of the transaction. To the extent in which each agency acts in that transportation it is subject to the regulation of congress." The Daniel Ball, 10 Wall. 557. The doctrine of The Daniel Ball has been repeatedly recognized and approved in later decisions of the supreme court. See Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S. 517,6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 475; Wabash, etc., By. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 557,7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 4; Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S. 25,9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 6; Louisville, etc., Ry. Co. v. Mississippi, 133 U. S. 587, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 348; Norfolk, etc., R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 136 U. S. 114, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 958. Under the facts ofthis case and the law, as declared by the supreme court, I have no doubt the commerce of the i,ntervenors in the shipment and transportation of fruit was interstate commerce, and was in no wise under the control and regulation of the Florida Railway Commission. If the rates established by the Florida Railway Commission were not binding on the receiver of the Florida Railway & Navigation Compnny, then the intervenors have no case, because the proof does not establish that the rates actually charged by the receiver were unreasonable or unjust. The interventions should be dismissed, and it is so ordered.
BURKE
et al. v.
BUNKER HILL
& S.
MINING
CONCENTRATING Co.
(Circuit Court, D. Idltho. June 18,1891.) 1. NATIONAL JURISDICTION-MINING CLAIMS.
A suit brought in support of an adverse claim, in pursuance of the requirements of section 2326, Rev. St. U. S., as amended in Mareh 18tn, (l Sup. Rev. St. 609) is for that rea80n a suit arising under the laws of the United States, within the meaning of the statute giving jurisdiction on that ground, irrespective of the character of the question invalved in the litigation.
2.
SAME.
Such an action has for one of its objects the determination as to whether either party has divested the United States of the possessory title to the premises in controversy. It is not only intended to determine the rights of the two parties as between themselves, but also as between each of the parties and the United States; thereby making the United States substantially, though not formally, a party to the suit, and entitled to have their rights determined in the national courts. On that ground the United States are entitled to have their rights determined in the national courts. Such cases are not within the decision of Trafton v. Nouglles, 4 Sawy. 178, and Water Co. v. Keyes, 96 U. S. 199.
B. 4.
ADMISSION OF IDAHO-TRANSFER OF CAUSES.
Where an action was commenced in territorial courts before admission, it was not necessaryto state jurisdictic nal facts sufficien t to give jurisdiction to this court; and such facts may be stated in request for transfer or by affidavit. Such request,