SIMMONS ,HARDWARE emMONS HARDWARE CO. tI.
CO; V.
LANCASTER.
445
LANCASTER, Surveyor, etc.
(Oflrcuit Oourt, E. D. Missouri, E. D. June 8,1887.) CUSTOMS DUTIES-CUTLERy-SHEEP SHEARS.
,
Sheep shears are included within the meaning of the word" cutlery, II as used in Schedule C of the tariff act of March 8, 1888, and the duty thereon ill 85 per cent. ad 'Valo'l'em.
At Law.
Suit to recover 'excessive duties.
John M. Holmes, for plaintiff. Thomas P. Bashaw, for defendant.
THAYll;R, J., (orally.) In the case of the Simmons Hardwaie Companyagainst Richard D. 'Lancaster, surveyor of the port of St. the question to be determined is whether sheep shears should pay a duty of 45 per cent. ad valorem, or only 35 per cent. That depends an whether they fall within the denomination of" cutlery" or otherwise. The last clause of Schedule C of the tariff act of March 3,1883, (U. S. St. at Large, vol. 22, p. 501,) only uses generic terms, viz.: "Manufacturer's articles or wares * * * composed wholly or in part of iron, steel," etc., "shall pay a duty of 45 per cent. ad valorem." Such generic terms were. no doubt intentionally used so as to cover any article that might not fall within any of the preceding subdivisions of Schedule C. In drafting the last clause of the schedule the law-maker had no particular article in mind. The purpose of that clause was to cover any possible omission. The duty imposed thereby was made very high, to the end, no doubt, that any article which might escape duty by a strict construction of the preceding subdivisions would be caught under the generaDanguage of the last subdivision, and made to pay a duty that would 1:)e in any event adequate. For this reason no article should be charged with the duty imposed by the last clause of the schedule, if, by a fair and liberal interpretation, it is embraced within any of the preceding subdivisions. The coutt will presume that congress intended to make the duty uniform on allarticles of the same class, and especially on articles that are closely allied in the process of manufacture, unless a different intent is clearly manifest. It has imposed a duty of 35 per cent. ad valorem on "Cutlery." Cutlery is defined as including "all cutting tools made of steel, such as knives, forks, scissors, razors, shears," etc. I refer to McCUllough's Dictionary of Commerce, also to Homan's Cyclopedia of Commerce. I find, also, that several large wholesale houses in this and other cities catalogue scissors, common shears, and sheep shears under the general head of" cutlery." In common parlance, there are different kinds of cutlery, such as "table and pocket cutlery," and" razors, scissors, and shears," as these catalogues show; but the word "cutlery" il! evidently a generic term, which is often used to describe razors, scissors: and shears, as well as knives for table, pocket. and othp.l'
446
FEDERAL. REPORTER.
Adopting the foregoing definition of the term" cutlery," and applying the general rule of construction above indicated, it follows that. the duty on sheep shears should be assessed at 35 per cent. ad valorem. There will be a judgment in this case in favor of the plaintiff. ,"
WEDEMEYER and others V.LANCASTER, Surveyor, etc. (Oircuit (Jourt, E. D. Mi88ouri, E. D. June 8,1887.) CusTOMS DUTIES-SMOKERS' ARTICLEs-LAMPS.
Small lamps. such as are mainly, used for lighting pipes and. cigars, and are usuallvcamed in stock by those who deal in pipes and other articles of that 8ort, are "smokers' articles, II within' the' meanmg of that! term as used. in Schedule N ()f the tariff of and are chargeable a duty of 70 per cent. acha/Qrem.
At Law. Suit to recover excessive duties. John M. Holmes, for plaintiffs. 'J!homa8 P. Bashaw, for defendant. THAYER, J., (orally.) The question in this case is'\Vhether the duty on. a small pocket lamp, like this which I exhibit, should be 70 per cent. ad valorem, or 35 per cent. ad valorem. That depends upon whether it is a "smoker's article." My judgment, under the testimony, is that it is a "smoker's article." They are certainly used by smokers. They may be used at times for other purposes. I do not think, however, that to constitute an article within the meaning of the law "a smoker's article," it should be made to appear that it is exclUl5ively used by smokers. It is sufficient if the article is mainly so used. If it is an article that is usually carried in stock by those who ded in pipes, and other articles of that sort, it should be classed as a smoker's article. That it is mainly used for lighting pipes and cigars is evident. I think th/:l.t it is properly with a duty of 70 per cent. advalorem, Which was the duty imposed. '. In this case, therefore, judgment will be entered in favor of the defendant.